Q #1) What is Automation Testing?
Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of automating the
manual process to test the application/system under test. Automation testing
involves use to a separate testing tool which lets you create test scripts which
can be executed repeatedly and doesn’t require any manual intervention.
Q #2) What are the benefits of Automation Testing?
Benefits of Automation testing are:
- Supports
execution of repeated test cases
- Aids
in testing a large test matrix
- Enables
parallel execution
- Encourages
unattended execution
- Improves
accuracy thereby reducing human generated errors
- Saves
time and money
Q #3) Why should Selenium be selected as a test tool?
Selenium
- is
free and open source
- have
a large user base and helping communities
- have
cross Browser compatibility (Firefox, chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari
etc.)
- have
great platform compatibility (Windows, Mac OS, Linux etc.)
- supports
multiple programming languages (Java, C#, Ruby, Python, Pearl etc.)
- has
fresh and regular repository developments
- supports
distributed testing
Q #4) What is Selenium? What are the different Selenium components?
Selenium is one of the most popular automated testing suites. Selenium
is designed in a way to support and encourage automation testing of functional
aspects of web based applications and a wide range of browsers and platforms.
Due to its existence in the open source community, it has become one of the
most accepted tools amongst the testing professionals.
Selenium is not just a single tool or a utility, rather a package of
several testing tools and for the same reason it is referred to as a Suite.
Each of these tools is designed to cater different testing and test environment
requirements.
The suite package constitutes of the following sets of tools:
- Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE) –
Selenium IDE is a record and playback tool. It is distributed as a Firefox
Plugin.
- Selenium
Remote Control (RC) – Selenium RC is a server that allows
user to create test scripts in a desired programming language. It also
allows executing test scripts within the large spectrum of browsers.
- Selenium WebDriver – WebDriver is
a different tool altogether that has various advantages over Selenium RC.
WebDriver directly communicates with the web browser and uses its native
compatibility to automate.
- Selenium Grid – Selenium Grid is
used to distribute your test execution on multiple platforms and
environments concurrently.
Q #5) What are the testing types that can be supported by Selenium?
Selenium supports the following types of testing:
- Functional
Testing
- Regression
Testing
Q #6) What are the limitations of Selenium?
Following are the limitations of Selenium:
- Selenium
supports testing of only web based applications
- Mobile
applications cannot be tested using Selenium
- Captcha
and Bar code readers cannot be tested using Selenium
- Reports
can only be generated using third party tools like TestNG or Junit.
- As
Selenium is a free tool, thus there is no ready vendor support though the
user can find numerous helping communities.
- User
is expected to possess prior programming language knowledge.
Q #7) What is the difference between Selenium IDE, Selenium RC and
WebDriver?
Feature
|
Selenium
IDE
|
Selenium
RC
|
WebDriver
|
|
|
|
|
Browser
Compatibility
|
Selenium
IDE comes as a Firefox plugin, thus it supports only Firefox
|
Selenium
RC supports a varied range of versions of Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
Internet Explorer and Opera
|
WebDriver
supports a varied range of versions of Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
Internet Explorer and Opera.
Also supports HtmlUnitDriver which is a GUI less or headless browser.
|
Record
and Playback
|
Selenium
IDE supports record and playback feature
|
Selenium
RC doesn't supports record and playback feature
|
WebDriver
doesn't support record and playback feature
|
Server
Requirement
|
Selenium
IDE doesn't require any server to be started before executing the test
scripts
|
Selenium
RC requires server to be started before executing the test scripts
|
WebDriver
doesn't require any server to be started before executing the test scripts
|
Architecture
|
Selenium
IDE is a Javascript based framework
|
Selenium
RC is a JavaScript based Framework
|
WebDriver
uses the browser's native compatibility to automation
|
Object
Oriented
|
Selenium
IDE is not an object oriented tool
|
Selenium
RC is semi object oriented tool
|
WebDriver
is a purely object oriented tool
|
Dynamic
Finders
(for locating web elements on a webpage)
|
Selenium
IDE doesn't support dynamic finders
|
Selenium
RC doesn't support dynamic finders
|
WebDriver
supports dynamic finders
|
Handling
Alerts, Navigations, Dropdowns
|
Selenium
IDE doesn't explicitly provides aids to handle alerts, navigations, dropdowns
|
Selenium
RC doesn't explicitly provides aids to handle alerts, navigations, dropdowns
|
WebDriver
offers a wide range of utilities and classes that helps in handling alerts,
navigations, and dropdowns efficiently and effectively.
|
WAP
(iPhone/Android) Testing
|
Selenium
IDE doesn't support testing of iPhone/Andriod applications
|
Selenium
RC doesn't support testing of iPhone/Andriod applications
|
WebDriver
is designed in a way to efficiently support testing of iPhone/Android
applications. The tool comes with a large range of drivers for WAP based testing.
For example, AndroidDriver, iPhoneDriver
|
Listener
Support
|
Selenium
IDE doesn't support listeners
|
Selenium
RC doesn't support listeners
|
WebDriver
supports the implementation of Listeners
|
Speed
|
Selenium
IDE is fast as it is plugged in with the web-browser that launches the test.
Thus, the IDE and browser communicates directly
|
Selenium
RC is slower than WebDriver as it doesn't communicates directly with the
browser; rather it sends selenese commands over to Selenium Core which in
turn communicates with the browser.
|
WebDriver
communicates directly with the web browsers. Thus making it much faster.
|
Q #8) When should I use Selenium IDE?
Selenium IDE is the simplest and easiest of all the tools within the
Selenium Package. Its record and playback feature makes it exceptionally easy
to learn with minimal acquaintances to any programming language. Selenium IDE
is an ideal tool for a naïve user.
Q #9) What is Selenese?
Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium
IDE.
Q #10) What are the different types of locators in Selenium?
Locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element
uniquely within the webpage. Thus, to identify web elements accurately and
precisely we have different types of locators in Selenium:
- ID
- ClassName
- Name
- TagName
- LinkText
- PartialLinkText
- Xpath
- CSS
Selector
- DOM
Q #11) What is difference between assert and verify commands?
Assert: Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false.
Let’s say we assert whether the given element is present on the web page or
not. If the condition is true then the program control will execute the next
test step but if the condition is false, the execution would stop and no
further test would be executed.
Verify: Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false.
Irrespective of the condition being true or false, the program execution
doesn’t halts i.e. any failure during verification would not stop the execution
and all the test steps would be executed.
Q #12) What is an Xpath?
Xpath is used to locate a web element based on its XML
path. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to store, organize
and transport arbitrary data. It stores data in a key-value pair which is very
much similar to HTML tags. Both being markup languages and since they fall
under the same umbrella, Xpath can be used to locate HTML elements.
The fundamental behind locating elements using Xpath is the traversing
between various elements across the entire page and thus enabling a user to
find an element with the reference of another element.
Q #13) What is the difference between “/” and “//” in Xpath?
Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create Xpath
with absolute path i.e. the xpath would be created to start selection from the
document node/start node.
Double Slash “//” – Double slash is used to create Xpath with
relative path i.e. the xpath would be created to start selection from anywhere
within the document.
Q #14) What is Same origin policy and how it can be handled?
The problem of same origin policy disallows to access the DOM of a
document from an origin that is different from the origin we are trying to
access the document.
Origin is a sequential combination of scheme, host and port of the URL.
For example, for a URL http:// http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/resources/,
the origin is a combination of http, softwaretestinghelp.com, 80
correspondingly.
Thus the Selenium Core (JavaScript Program) cannot access the elements
from an origin that is different from where it was launched. For Example, if I
have launched the JavaScript Program from “http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com”,
then I would be able to access the pages within the same domain such as
“http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/resources” or “http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/istqb-free-updates/”.
The other domains like google.com, seleniumhq.org would no more be accessible.
So, In order to handle same origin policy, Selenium Remote Control was
introduced.
Q #15) When should I use Selenium Grid?
Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on
multiple platforms and browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test
execution, testing under different environments and saving execution time
remarkably.
Q #16) What do we mean by Selenium 1 and Selenium 2?
Selenium RC and WebDriver, in a combination are popularly known as
Selenium 2. Selenium RC alone is also referred as Selenium 1.
Q #17) Which is the latest Selenium tool?
WebDriver
Q #18) How do I launch the browser using WebDriver?
The following syntax can be used to launch Browser:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
Q #19) What are the different types of Drivers available in WebDriver?
The different drivers available in WebDriver are:
- FirefoxDriver
- InternetExplorerDriver
- ChromeDriver
- SafariDriver
- OperaDriver
- AndroidDriver
- IPhoneDriver
- HtmlUnitDriver
Q #20) What are the different types of waits available in WebDriver?
- Implicit
Wait
- Explicit
Wait
Implicit Wait: Implicit waits are used to provide a default
waiting time (say 30 seconds) between each consecutive test step/command across
the entire test script. Thus, subsequent test step would only execute when the
30 seconds have elapsed after executing the previous test step/command.
Explicit Wait: Explicit waits are used to halt the execution till the time a
particular condition is met or the maximum time has elapsed. Unlike Implicit
waits, explicit waits are applied for a particular instance only.
Q #21) How to type in a textbox using Selenium?
User can use sendKeys(“String to be entered”) to enter the string in the
textbox.
Syntax:
WebElement username = drv.findElement(By.id(“Email”));
// entering username
username.sendKeys(“sth”);
Q #22) How can you find if an element in displayed on the screen?
WebDriver facilitates the user with the following methods to check the
visibility of the web elements. These web elements can be buttons, drop boxes,
checkboxes, radio buttons, labels etc.
- isDisplayed()
- isSelected()
- isEnabled()
Syntax:
isDisplayed():
boolean buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed();
isSelected():
boolean buttonSelected = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed();
isEnabled():
boolean searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfb”)).isEnabled();
Q #23) How can we get a text of a web element?
Get command is used to retrieve the inner text of the specified web
element. The command doesn’t require any parameter but returns a string value.
It is also one of the extensively used commands for verification of messages,
labels, errors etc displayed on the web pages.
Syntax:
String Text = driver.findElement(By.id(“Text”)).getText();
Q #24) How to select value in a dropdown?
Value in the drop down can be selected using WebDriver’s Select class.
Syntax:
selectByValue:
Select selectByValue = newSelect(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_One”)));
selectByValue.selectByValue(“greenvalue”);
selectByVisibleText:
Select selectByVisibleText = new Select
(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Two”)));
selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText(“Lime”);
selectByIndex:
Select selectByIndex = newSelect(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Three”)));
selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2);
Q #25) What are the different types of navigation commands?
Following are the navigation commands:
navigate().back() – The above command requires no parameters and
takes back the user to the previous webpage in the web browser’s history.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().back();
navigate().forward() – This command lets the user to navigate to
the next web page with reference to the browser’s history.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().forward();
navigate().refresh() – This command lets the user to refresh the
current web page there by reloading all the web elements.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().refresh();
navigate().to() – This command lets the user to launch a new
web browser window and navigate to the specified URL.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().to(“https://google.com”);
Q #26) How to click on a hyper link using linkText?
driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Google”)).click();
The command finds the element using link text and then click on that
element and thus the user would be re-directed to the corresponding page.
The above mentioned link can also be accessed by using the following
command.
------------
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“Goo”)).click();
The above command find the element based on the substring of the link
provided in the parenthesis and thus partialLinkText() finds the web element
with the specified substring and then clicks on it.
An inline frame acronym as iframe is used to insert another document
with in the current HTML document or simply a web page into a web page by
enabling nesting.
Select iframe by id
driver.switchTo().frame(“ID of the frame“);
Locating iframe using tagName
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName(“iframe”).get(0));
Locating iframe using index
frame(index)
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
frame(Name of Frame)
driver.switchTo().frame(“name of the frame”);
frame(WebElement element)
Select Parent Window
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
Q #28) When do we use findElement() and findElements()?
findElement(): findElement() is used to find the first element in
the current web page matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that
only first matching element would be fetched.
Syntax:
WebElement element
=driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));
findElements(): findElements() is used to find all the elements in
the current web page matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that
all the matching elements would be fetched and stored in the list of
WebElements.
Syntax:
List <WebElement> elementList
=driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));
Q #29) How to find more than one web element in the list?
At times, we may come across elements of same type like multiple
hyperlinks, images etc arranged in an ordered or unordered list. Thus, it makes
absolute sense to deal with such elements by a single piece of code and this
can be done using WebElement List.
Sample Code
1
|
// Storing the list
|
2
|
List <WebElement>
elementList =
driver.findElements(By.xpath("//div[@id='example']//ul//li"));
|
3
|
// Fetching the size of the
list
|
4
|
int listSize = elementList.size();
|
5
|
for (int i=0; i<listSize; i++)
|
6
|
{
|
7
|
// Clicking on each service
provider link
|
8
|
serviceProviderLinks.get(i).click();
|
9
|
// Navigating back to the
previous page that stores link to service providers
|
10
|
driver.navigate().back();
|
|
|
|
|
Q #30) What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit
command?
close(): WebDriver’s close() method closes the web browser window that the user
is currently working on or we can also say the window that is being currently
accessed by the WebDriver. The command neither requires any parameter nor does
is return any value.
quit(): Unlike close() method, quit() method closes down all the windows that
the program has opened. Same as close() method, the command neither requires
any parameter nor does is return any value.
Q #31) Can Selenium handle windows based pop up?
Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web
application testing. Therefore, windows pop up cannot be handled using
Selenium.
Q #32) How can we handle web based pop up?
- void
dismiss() – The accept() method clicks on the “Cancel” button as soon as
the pop up window appears.
- void
accept() – The accept() method clicks on the “Ok” button as soon as the
pop up window appears.
- String
getText() – The getText() method returns the text displayed on the alert box.
- void
sendKeys(String stringToSend) – The sendKeys() method enters the specified
string pattern into the alert box.
Syntax:
// accepting javascript alert
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept();
Q #33) How can we handle windows based pop up?
Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web
application testing, that means, it doesn’t support testing of windows based
applications. However Selenium alone can’t help the situation but along with
some third party intervention, this problem can be overcome. There are several
third party tools available for handling window based pop ups along with the
selenium like AutoIT, Robot class etc.
Q #34) How to assert title of the web page?
//verify the title of the web page
assertTrue(“The title of the window is
incorrect.”,driver.getTitle().equals(“Title of the page”));
Q #35) How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver?
WebDriver offers a wide range of interaction utilities that the user can
exploit to automate mouse and keyboard events. Action Interface is one such
utility which simulates the single user interactions.
Thus, In the following scenario, we have used Action Interface to mouse
hover on a drop down which then opens a list of options.
Sample Code:
1
|
// Instantiating Action
Interface
|
2
|
Actions actions=new Actions(driver);
|
3
|
// howering on the dropdown
|
4
|
actions.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.id("id
of the dropdown"))).perform();
|
5
|
// Clicking on one of the items
in the list options
|
6
|
WebElement subLinkOption=driver.findElement(By.id("id
of the sub link"));
|
Q #36) How to retrieve css properties of an element?
The values of the css properties can be retrieved using a get() method:
Syntax:
driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“name of css attribute”);
driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“font-size”);
Q #37) How to capture screenshot in WebDriver?
1
|
import org.junit.After;
|
2
|
import org.junit.Before;
|
3
|
import org.junit.Test;
|
4
|
import java.io.File;
|
5
|
import java.io.IOException;
|
6
|
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
|
7
|
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
|
8
|
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
|
9
|
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
|
10
|
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
12
|
public class CaptureScreenshot {
|
13
|
WebDriver driver;
|
14
|
@Before
|
15
|
public void setUp() throws Exception {
|
16
|
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
|
17
|
driver.get("https://google.com");
|
18
|
}
|
19
|
@After
|
20
|
public void tearDown() throws Exception {
|
25
|
public void test() throws IOException {
|
26
|
// Code to capture the
screenshot
|
27
|
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
|
28
|
// Code to copy the screenshot
in the desired location
|
29
|
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, newFile("C:\\CaptureScreenshot\\google.jpg"));
|
30
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
Q #38) What is Junit?
Junit is a unit testing framework introduced by Apache.
Junit is based on Java.
Q #39) What are Junit annotations?
Following are the Junit Annotations:
- @Test: Annotation lets the system
know that the method annotated as @Test is a test method. There can be
multiple test methods in a single test script.
- @Before: Method annotated as @Before
lets the system know that this method shall be executed every time before
each of the test method.
- @After: Method annotated as @After
lets the system know that this method shall be executed every time after
each of the test method.
- @BeforeClass: Method annotated as
@BeforeClass lets the system know that this method shall be executed once
before any of the test method.
- @AfterClass: Method annotated as
@AfterClass lets the system know that this method shall be executed once
after any of the test method.
- @Ignore: Method annotated as @Ignore
lets the system know that this method shall not be executed.
Q #40) What is TestNG and how is it better than Junit?
TestNG is an advance framework designed in a way to leverage
the benefits by both the developers and testers. With the commencement of the
frameworks, JUnit gained an enormous popularity across the Java applications,
Java developers and Java testers with remarkably increasing the code quality.
Despite being easy to use and straightforward, JUnit has its own limitations
which give rise to the need of bringing TestNG into the picture. TestNG is an
open source framework which is distributed under the Apache software License
and is readily available for download.
TestNG with WebDriver provides an efficient and effective test result
format that can in turn be shared with the stake holders to have a glimpse on
the product’s/application’s health thereby eliminating the drawback of
WebDriver’s incapability to generate test reports. TestNG has an inbuilt
exception handling mechanism which lets the program to run without terminating
unexpectedly.
There are various advantages that make TestNG superior to JUnit. Some of
them are:
- Added
advance and easy annotations
- Execution
patterns can set
- Concurrent
execution of test scripts
- Test
case dependencies can be set
Q #41) How to set test case priority in TestNG?
Setting Priority in TestNG
Code Snippet
1
|
package TestNG;
|
2
|
import org.testng.annotations.*;
|
3
|
public class SettingPriority {
|
4
|
@Test(priority=0)
|
5
|
public void method1() {
|
6
|
}
|
7
|
@Test(priority=1)
|
8
|
public void method2() {
|
11
|
public void method3() {
|
12
|
}
|
Test Execution Sequence:
- Method1
- Method2
- Method3
Q #42) What is a framework?
Framework is a constructive blend of various guidelines, coding
standards, concepts, processes, practices, project hierarchies, modularity,
reporting mechanism, test data injections etc. to pillar automation testing.
Q #43) What are the advantages of Automation framework?
- Reusability
of code
- Maximum
coverage
- Recovery
scenario
- Low
cost maintenance
- Minimal
manual intervention
- Easy
Reporting
Q #44) What are the different types of frameworks?
Below are the different types of frameworks:
- Module
Based Testing Framework: The framework divides the entire
“Application Under Test” into number of logical and isolated modules. For
each module, we create a separate and independent test script. Thus, when
these test scripts taken together builds a larger test script representing
more than one module.
- Library
Architecture Testing Framework: The basic fundamental behind the
framework is to determine the common steps and group them into functions
under a library and call those functions in the test scripts whenever
required.
- Data
Driven Testing Framework: Data Driven Testing Framework helps the user
segregate the test script logic and the test data from each other. It lets
the user store the test data into an external database. The data is
conventionally stored in “Key-Value” pairs. Thus, the key can be used to
access and populate the data within the test scripts.
- Keyword
Driven Testing Framework: The Keyword driven testing framework is
an extension to Data driven Testing Framework in a sense that it not only
segregates the test data from the scripts, it also keeps the certain set
of code belonging to the test script into an external data file.
- Hybrid
Testing Framework: Hybrid Testing Framework is a
combination of more than one above mentioned frameworks. The best thing
about such a setup is that it leverages the benefits of all kinds of
associated frameworks.
- Behavior
Driven Development Framework: Behavior Driven Development framework
allows automation of functional validations in easily readable and
understandable format to Business Analysts, Developers, Testers, etc.
Q #45) How can I read test data from excels?
Q #46) What is the difference between POI and jxl jar?
#
|
JXL jar
|
POI jar
|
1
|
JXL supports “.xls” format i.e. binary based format. JXL doesn’t
support Excel 2007 and “.xlsx” format i.e. XML based format
|
POI jar supports all of these formats
|
2
|
JXL API was last updated in the year 2009
|
POI is regularly updated and released
|
3
|
The JXL documentation is not as comprehensive as that of POI
|
POI has a well prepared and highly comprehensive documentation
|
4
|
JXL API doesn’t support rich text formatting
|
POI API supports rich text formatting
|
5
|
JXL API is faster than POI API
|
POI API is slower than JXL API
|
Q #47) What is the difference between Selenium and QTP?
Feature
|
Selenium
|
Quick Test Professional (QTP)
|
Browser Compatibility
|
Selenium supports almost all the popular browsers like Firefox,
Chrome, Safari, Internet Explorer, Opera etc
|
QTP supports Internet Explorer, Firefox and Chrome. QTP only supports
Windows Operating System
|
Distribution
|
Selenium is distributed as an open source tool and is freely available
|
QTP is distributed as a licensed tool and is commercialized
|
Application under Test
|
Selenium supports testing of only web based applications
|
QTP supports testing of both the web based application and windows
based application
|
Object Repository
|
Object Repository needs to be created as a separate entity
|
QTP automatically creates and maintains Object Repository
|
Language Support
|
Selenium supports multiple programming languages like Java, C#, Ruby,
Python, Perl etc
|
QTP supports only VB Script
|
Vendor Support
|
As Selenium is a free tool, user would not get the vendor’s support in
troubleshooting issues
|
Users can easily get the vendor’s support in case of any issue
|
Q #48) Can WebDriver test Mobile applications?
WebDriver cannot test Mobile applications. WebDriver is a web based
testing tool, therefore applications on the mobile browsers can be tested.
Q #49) Can captcha be automated?
No, captcha and bar code reader cannot be automated.
Q #50) What is Object Repository? How can we create Object Repository in
Selenium?
Object Repository is a term used to refer to the collection of web
elements belonging to Application Under Test (AUT) along with their locator
values. Thus, whenever the element is required within the script, the locator
value can be populated from the Object Repository. Object Repository is used to
store locators in a centralized location instead of hard coding them within the
scripts.
In Selenium, objects can be stored in an excel sheet which can be
populated inside the script whenever required